ASSESSMENT OF RADIOLOGICAL PATHOLOGY USING MRI OR CT SCAN OR X-RAY
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This is to certify that the research work,"assessment of radiological pathology using mri or ct scan or x-ray"by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury. Nowadays, x-ray has developed into the most important tool for the diagnosis and monitoring many illness such multiple sclerosis (MS). Its high sensitivity for the evaluation of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and spinal cord has made it the most commonly used technique for the evaluation of patients with MS. Moreover, x-ray has become a powerful tool for treatment monitoring, safety assessment as well as for the prognostication of disease progression. Clinically, the use of x-ray has increased in the past couple decades as a result of improved technology and increased availability that now extends well beyond academic centers.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
GLOSSARY
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- PROBLEM STATEMENT
- AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- DEFINITION OF TERMS
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
- X-RAY IMAGE INTENSIFIER
- OPERATION OF IMAGE INTENSIFIER
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF X-RAY IMAGE INTENSIFIERS
- EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION
- TYPES OF X-RAYS
- USES OF MEDICAL X-RAYS
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF X-RAY
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
- STUDY AREA
- RESEARCH DESIGN
- SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
- DATA COLLECTION
- DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULT ANALYSIS
4.2 DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is based upon a clinical assessment; despite significant effort, no single biomarker has been found to independently confirm the diagnosis. In an attempt to assure the highest sensitivity and specificity, a set of guidelines, referred to as the McDonald criteria, (McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, et al, 2001) . Medical imaging is currently one of the routine and developing methods in medical diagnostics using advanced mobile and fixed imaging facilities. It is estimated to constitute about 30% to 50% of critical decisions in medical approaches (Abadi, 2010).Used equipment is frequently available from wealthier countries and is given to underserved areas.
This equipment usually is complex since it was designed to meet different clinical needs. Training and expertise to operate such X-ray systems are not available locally. In addition, power requirements are often heavy and there is no way to compensate for unreliable power supplies.
Mobile x-ray unit is often used by professionals who have mobile practices or in busy medical facilities where space is an issue or there’s a distinct lack of access to equipment.
This unit is used for radiographic imaging of patients who cannot be moved to the radiology department and who are in areas—such as intensive and critical care units or operating and emergency rooms—that lack standard, fixed radiographic equipment. Medical applications can include general radiography and orthopedic, pediatric, skeletal, and abdominal imaging.
The image intensifier is comprised of a large cylindrical, tapered tube with several internal structures in which an incident x-ray distribution is converted into a corresponding light image of non-limiting brightness. A picture of an image intensifier television (II-TV) system is shown below. X-ray to light amplification is achieved in several sequential steps. First, x-rays incident on and absorbed by a cesium iodide (CsI) structured phosphor produce a large number of light photons resulting from the energy difference of x-rays (30-50 keV average) to light photons (1 -3 eV average). Absorption and conversion efficiency is on the order of 60% and 10%, respectively. A fraction of the light photons interact with an adjacent photocathode layered on the backside of the input phosphor, releasing a proportional number of electrons (typically on the order of 5 light photons / electron). Being negatively charged, the electrons are accelerated through a potential difference of approximately 25,000 volts towards the positive anode positioned on the tapered side of the evacuated tube. Electro-magnetic focusing grids maintain focus and at the same time minify the electron distribution as it interacts at the output phosphor structure, producing a large increase in the light intensity compared to the amount of light originally produced at the input phosphor. Overall brightness gain of the II is achieved through the acceleration and kinetic energy increase of the electrons impacting on the output phosphor (known as electronic or flux gain) as well as the geometric area reduction of the electron density from the large area input phosphor to the small area output phosphor (known as magnification gain, equal to the ratio of the input to output phosphor areas, or ratio of the square of the diameters). The combination of electronic and magnification gain results on the order of 5000X increase in brightness. Variable brightness gain occurs with a change in the input phosphor active area; as the field of view (FOV) is reduced, the magnification gain is reduced, decreasing the overall brightness gain (and vice-versa). Optical coupling of the output phosphor to a TV camera or photospot, cine, or other light detector allows the detection of the image and subsequent display.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
There are many illnesses that cannot be easily detected by just physical observation in the hospital. The use of radiological technology such as x-ray has made this very simple in that it captures the image, diagnoses and monitors illness. x-ray can be used to get images of the brain and spinal cord, bones, the heart, blood vessels and different internal organs.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this work is to study the latest insights into the use of x-ray, especially with respect to diagnosis and monitoring of disease activity. Special focus is also put on the evaluation of treatment efficacy and safety. At the end of this work student involved shall be able to study and understand the function, operation and application of magnetic resonance in the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury.
1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
There are many application radiological technologies in diagnosis and monitoring of illness. This study limited the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS)
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
A magnetic resonance imaging scan, more commonly known as an MRI scan, is a detailed cross-sectional image of a part of the body. It is similar to a CT scan, but has a higher quality, so it is easier to see differences in tissues. Utilization of MRI has facilitated the diagnosis of MS, and has simplified the decision making as to when disease-modifying treatment should be initiated. However, there remains a need for standardization of MRI acquisition methods to advance patient care and to reach comparable results between centers. Improved and updated MRI protocols have been proposed by various expert panels and the most recent guidelines were created by the MRI in MS (MAGNIMS) consortium in 2015.The following paragraphs will summarize the technical recommendations for the diagnostic workup for MS, given by the MAGNIMS steering committee.
1.6 PROJECT ORGANISATION
The work is organized as follows: chapter one discuses the introductory part of the work, chapter two presents the literature review of the study, chapter three describes the methods applied, chapter four discusses the results of the work, chapter five summarizes the research outcomes and the recommendations.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSION
This study shows that most of the x-ray machines in Benin City are not under safety control and may become sources of in advertent unnecessary radiation exposure.
The benefits of diagnostic x-rays are reduced when machines are operated without adequate QA and maintenance, thereby posing high risk of radiation exposure.
Total upgrading that will encompass the transition from old conventional to computed radiography , development and implementation of workable quality assurance programmes and continuous development programs for radiographers are the way forward.
A limitation of this study is the small sample size which was as a result of the inaccessibility of some radiographers, being restricted from participating in the study, by the authorities of their facility.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"assessment of radiological pathology using mri or ct scan or x-ray"is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"assessment of radiological pathology using mri or ct scan or x-ray"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"assessment of radiological pathology using mri or ct scan or x-ray"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"assessment of radiological pathology using mri or ct scan or x-ray"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"assessment of radiological pathology using mri or ct scan or x-ray"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
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CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"assessment of radiological pathology using mri or ct scan or x-ray"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"assessment of radiological pathology using mri or ct scan or x-ray" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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