DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A 6-12 VOLTS AUTOMATIC BATTERY CHARGER USING SCR
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
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Supervisor Head of Department.
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External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This project is on a 6-12 volts automatic battery charger using SCR. This automatic battery charger is designed to charge any acid battery whose emf is between 6-12v. In this work, a voltage sensor circuit is incorporated to sense the voltage of the battery under charge. The charger has the ability to automatically switched OFF when the battery voltage reaches the required optimum level with the help of the zener diode when bend the current back to the system, and the system have the ability to indicate when the battery is charging or not, when the battery is empty or fully charged through LED.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWELDGEMENT
ABSTRCT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
- AIM/OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
- APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
- LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
- PROJECT ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF BATTERY CHARGER
2.2 REVIEW OF BATTERY CHARGER
2.3 REVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF BATTERY CHARGERS
2.4 REVIEW OF SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER (SCR)
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3.3 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
3.4 SYSTEM OPERATION
3.5 DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS USED
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2 CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3 ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4 TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5 COST OF PRODUCTION
CHAPTER FIVE
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATION
5.3 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Battery charger is device which consists of electrodes and electrolyte for the storage of chemical energy, but brings about a reaction between its electrodes and the electrolyte in a way to cause the flow of electrons through an external circuit is known as a battery.
There are two types of batteries; these include the primary and secondary battery. The primary (dry cell) is one whose electrolyte dries up when used to its ampere-hour rating and cannot be recharged while the secondary (wet cell) is one whose chemical energy can be restored through a charging process. There are different types of secondary battery. These comprise lead acid, Nickel-cadmium and silver zinc battery.
Furthermore, a battery is a combination of cells connected together and a cell is a simple source of electric potential. The maintenance of secondary battery is of importance partially where maximum performance and life are obtained. As long as a battery is in use, its stored chemical energy, which is being converted to electrical energy falls. This falls in chemical energy leads to a corresponding fall in its terminal voltage.
A constant potential method of charging is adopted in this project work. It is a phenomenon whereby the alternating voltage from the main is converted to direct voltage through rectification.
The direct current from the rectifier is then passed through the battery that is being charged in the reversed direction in which the battery supplies current to the external circuit. The charger is intended to charge batteries with terminal voltage up to 6volts. It incorporates a sensing technique to monitor when the battery has been charged to its rated terminal voltage so as to automatically cut off supply to the battery.
Hence, a battery charger which is of low cost, highly efficient and cheap to maintain is needed to restore its rated terminal voltage. The entire circuit is made up of five basic units and details of each unit are highlighted in the subsequent chapters.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The objective of the project is to design a device that will recharge 12v lead acid battery when discharged using scr as the major charging components.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT
This device charges 6-12v acid batteries mainly, however, if the output voltages are adjusted can be used to charge battery of lower or higher voltages.
Apart from charging batteries, this device can also be used as a battery level monitor due to the battery level feature it contains.
1.4 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
Battery charger is used in the following devices for the purpose of recharging device batteries:
- It is used in inverter
- It is used in cellphone
- It is used in Solar energy system
- It is used in vehicles
- It is used in an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), etc.
1.5 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT
- The AC to DC conversion here uses only the rectifier and may contain AC ripples as there is no filter.
- The half wave rectifier makes the charging and discharging quite slow.
- This circuit cannot be used for batteries with higher Ampere-hour rating.
- The battery charging may take longer time.
- Is designed only for batteries whose emf or charging voltage is between 6-12v.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The AC main voltage is given to the step down transformer the voltage should be down to 20V approx. the step down voltage is given to the SCR for rectification and SCR rectifies AC main voltage. This rectified voltage is used to charge battery.
When the battery connecter to the charging circuit, the battery will not be dead completely and it will get discharged this will give the forward bias voltage to the transistor through the diode and resistor which will get turned on. When the transistor is turned on the SCR will get off.
When the battery voltage is dropped the forward bias will be decreased and transistor gets turned off. When the transistor is turned off automatically the diode and resistor will get the current to the gate of the SCR, this will triggers the SCR and gets conduct. SCR will rectifies the AC input voltage and give to the battery through Resistor.
This will charge the battery when the voltage drop in the battery decreases the forward bias current also gets increased to the transistor when the battery is completely charged the Transistor will be again turned on and turned off the SCR.
1.7 ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATIC CHARGER
Features of this automatic battery charger made it more advantageous than other types and they are as below:
- Automatic battery charger has an indicator to indicate when the battery is fully charged
- It has a manually operated switch that is used to ON and OFF the entire system.
- It consumed less current but generate high current to the load.
1.8 PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to an automatic voltage stabilizer. In this chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of an automatic voltage stabilizer were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of an automatic voltage stabilizer. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' detector consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' detector consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of ''design and constructionof a 6 12 volts automatic battery charger using scr'' detector consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 SUMMARY
Having carefully selected the entire component that are required for the construction of the charger and built according to the circuit diagram we were able to design and construct a workable battery charger.
This charger is not designed for battery whose emf is between 6 and 12 volts; otherwise the charge output voltage will not be sufficient to carry out any meaniful charging operation.
As with any charger it must be housed in a clean environment and operations should be by will trained individual.
Protective materials should be worn while charging batteries to avoid danger to health as a result of the gassing from the battery as the gas are highly inflammable.
5.3 CONCLUSION/SUGGESTION FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT
In the implementation of this project what has proved most difficulties is the selection of the right value of components some were using two diode (the maraine value), in order to have a perfect full wave rectification, we made use of four diodes and the and a functional portable battery is been designed and constructed.
The charger is very single to use, ever to a Longman all he needs is just a little instruction and it will be accustomed to its method of working.
There is still further improvement demanded from use, mostly in the area of building a work complex and functions charger that could charge cells of higher voltage that might ranges to 48 volts and be able to charge move that two or three battery at the sometimes having more than one terminal.
No doubt, the design and construction of this portable charger. In fact, this actually performed us to take even challenges to this kind of coincidence and commitment.
Due to the possibility of this, it has surely put smiles on the face of most people like some motorist who has long been finding it difficult charging there own batteries at their homes and at their convenient time.
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