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TITLE PAGE

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A QUALITY FM TRANSMITTER

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, design and construction of a quality fm transmitterby ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on Electrical and Electronics Engineering has been approved.

By
Engr. ---                                                     Engr. ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

……………………………….
 Engr. ---
External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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With the aid of an antenna, An FM transmitter produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves.
FM transmitter is basically a VHF colipits oscillator capable of transmitting sound or music to any standard FM receiver. The circuit works on a D.C source which makes it for a pure rectification. FM transmitter also has a capacitor microphone which picks up very weak sound signals.
This FM transmitter circuit uses four radio frequency stages: a VHF oscillator built around transistor BF494 (T1), a preamplifier built around transistor BF200 (T2), a driver built around transistor 2N2219 (T3) and a power amplifier built around transistor 2N3866 (T4).
A condenser microphone is connected at the input of the oscillator. Working of the transmitter circuit is simple. When you speak near the microphone, frequency-modulated signals are obtained at the collector of oscillator transistor T1.  The FM signals are amplified by the VHF preamplifier and the pre-driver stage

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER ONE
1.0      INTRODUCTION
1.1      AIM OF THE PROJECT
1.2      PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
1.3      OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.4      LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT
1.5      SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
1.6      APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT
1.7      PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
1.8      DEFINITION OF TERMS
1.9      PROJECT ORGANISATION

CHAPTER TWO
2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1      HISTORITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
2.2     REVIEW OF PARTS OF RADIO TRANSMITTER
2.3      REVIEW OF FM BROADCAST BANDS
2.4     MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
2.5     PRE-EMPHASIS AND DE-EMPHASIS
2.6     REVIEW OF MODULATION CHARACTERISTICS

CHAPTER THREE
3.0      CONSTRUCTION
3.1      BASICS OF FM TRANSMITTER
3.2      BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AN FM TRANSMITTER
3.3      FUNCTION OF FM TRANSMITTER BLOCK
3.4      CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
3.5      CIRCUIT PARTS
3.6      CIRCUIT OPERATION
3.7      DESCRIPTION OF COMPONENTS USED

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0      RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1      CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE AND TESTING
4.2      CASING AND PACKAGING
4.3      ASSEMBLING OF SECTIONS
4.4      TESTING OF SYSTEM OPERATION
4.5      INSTALLATION OF THE COMPLETED DESIGN
4.6      SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING METHOD
4.7      COST ANALYSIS

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1       CONCLUSION
5.1      RECOMMENDATION
5.2      BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER ONE
1.0                                      INTRODUCTION
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell phones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships, and spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons. The term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such as radar and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves for heating or industrial purposes, such as microwave ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters even though they often have similar circuits.
The term is popularly used more specifically to refer to a broadcast transmitter, a transmitter used in broadcasting, as in FM radio transmitter. This usage usually includes the transmitter proper, the antenna, and often the building it is housed in.
A transmitter can be a separate piece of electronic equipment, or an electrical circuit within another electronic device. A transmitter and receiver combined in one unit is called a transceiver. The term transmitter is often abbreviated "XMTR" or "TX" in technical documents. The purpose of most transmitters is radio communication of information over a distance. The information is provided to the transmitter in the form of an electronic signal, such as an audio (sound) signal from a microphone. The transmitter combines the information signal to be carried with the radio frequency signal which generates the radio waves, which is often called the carrier. This process is called modulation. The information can be added to the carrier in several different ways, in different types of transmitter.
In a frequency modulation (FM) transmitter, it is added by varying the radio signal's frequency slightly. Many other types of modulation are used.
The antenna may be enclosed inside the case or attached to the outside of the transmitter, as in portable devices such as cell phones, walkie-talkies, and garage door openers. In more powerful transmitters, the antenna may be located on top of a building or on a separate tower, and connected to the transmitter by a feed line, that is a transmission line.

1.1                            BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Information transmission is very vital to human life just as the early men used sticks to produce sound which indicates the location of each other as they wander about also down to the middle era when town crises come into play for the same information propagation to be transmitted from one point to another with the aid of radio communication which necessities the application of radio transmitter and receiver.
Frequency modulation (FM) is a technique for wireless transmission of information where the frequency of a high frequency carrier is changed in proportion to message signal which contains the information (Chen, 2002). FM was invented and developed by Edwin Armstrong in the 1920’s and 30’s. Frequency modulation was demonstrated to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for the first time in 1940, and the first commercial FM radio station began broadcasting in 1945 (Mohn, 2007).
A radio transmitter is device whose major function is to send information (intelligence) from one point to another in most cases the information to be transmitted are voice music and code signals. However the transmission of radio signal is done with the aid of electrical resonance this is when the frequency of the receiver is equal to the incoming one from the transmitter resonance is observed which is the totality of radio communication, frequency modulation (FM) transmitter is less distorted than other wave bands like amplitude modulation and short wave band. The frequency on the tuning dial ranges from 88MHZ to 108MHZ (Louis, 2008).
In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave. This contrasts with amplitude modulation, in which the amplitude of the carrier wave varies, while the frequency remains constant. In analog frequency modulation, such as FM radio broadcasting of an audio signal representing voice or music, the instantaneous frequency deviation, the difference between the frequency of the carrier and its center frequency, is proportional to the modulating signal. In radio transmission, an advantage of frequency modulation is that it has a larger signal-to-noise ratio and therefore rejects radio frequency interference better than an equal power amplitude modulation (AM) signal. For this reason, most music is broadcast over FM radio. However, the concept of FM is essential to a wide gamut of radio frequency wireless devices and is therefore worth studying (“The Future of Radio”, 2008).

1.2                                       PROBLEM STATEMENT
Summoning large number of people such as in a community or institution, especially when need of passing information across arises is always a difficult task. The traditional method of gathering people when information needs to be passing across is by using a time crier, and this involves much labour and is also time wasting. It was because of these challenges that radio transmission was invented.
FM transmission helped us to overcome from these detriments and therefore, can be used to pass information (news), transmit music, or audio signals and this may leads to rising the number of auditors to famous as well as classical music. 

1.3                                     PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT
The main purpose of this work is to construct a device that will allow music or other audio content from a portable media player, CD player or other portable audio system to be played through a nearby FM radio. It can either be a capability built into a portable media player, or a portable appliance that plugs into the headphone jack or proprietary output port of a portable media player or video device. The sound is then broadcast through the transmitter on an FM broadcast band frequency and picked up by the receiver. The purpose is generally to allow portable audio devices to make use of the better sound quality of a home audio system or car stereo without requiring a wired connection between them.
The FM transmitter plugs into the audio output of audio devices and converts the audio output into an FM radio signal, which can then be picked up by appliances such as car or portable radios.

1.2                                   AIM OF THE PROJECT
The aim of this work is to design and construct an FM transmitter which transmits a frequency modulated signal to an fm radio. That is, to construct a device that can broadcast signals on an FM broadcast band and picked up by the receiver.

1.3                           OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objectives of this project are:

• The objective of this project is to build and examine the workings of a FM  Radio transmitter.
• To study the circuit and determine how the different parts of the circuit function together to make an FM transmitter
• To understand about the concept of FM transmitter.
• To be familiar with the use of design and simulation tools in the design process.
• To be able to construct, analyze and test the complete project of FM Transmitter designed. In this part of objective the students are required to solve the problem occurred since the circuit does not work as planned earlier. Some alternative and creativity from the student are needed.
• To review some modern digital technologies that has been developed for effective FM signal generation.
• To show the design and components of a FM transmitter
• To show the construction process of an electronically operated system known as FM transmitter capable of transmitting a frequency modulated signal.

1.4                       LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

The relatively low power output of FM transmitters sometimes makes it unsuitable for use in some large urban areas because of the number of other radio signals. This is compounded by the fact that strong FM signals can bleed over into neighboring frequencies making the frequencies unusable with the transmitter. Removing a car’s radio antenna has been found to significantly improve transmitter reception. Some frequencies below 88.1 have even been supported as reception frequencies on some car stereos, and some indegeneous FM transmitters even take advantage of those unused frequencies which are generally more reliable as no frequency below 88.1 is used for mainstream broadcasters in the US.
Some models which connect via ports other than the headphone jack have no means of controlling the volume, which can force the sound to transmit out from the device harshly (causing over modulation, audio distortion and possible radio interference), or too low. In theory a device could use an automatic level control or audio limiter circuit to overcome this problem although there are few (if any) devices with such a facility available out on the market yet.

1.5                            SCOPE OF THE PROJET

• FM transmitter is basically a VHF colipits oscillator capable of transmitting sound or music to any standard FM receiver. The circuit works on a D.C source which makes it for a pure rectification. FM transmitter also has a capacitor microphone which picks up very weak sound signals, and discrete components such as: Transistor, Diode, Resistor, Capacitor and Inductor.
• This project transmits frequency on 100MHz± 5%. The transmitting distance is l00metres. It is powered with 5volt – 15volts D.C battery using suitable F.M receiver tuned to the transmitting frequency of this project. F.M Transmitter can be used as cordless microphones, mobile phone and for public address purposes.
• This project work covers the design and construction of FM transmitters for quality audio transmission and explains some of the modern trends in FM signal generation, highlighting their prospects. It also covers the advantages these technologies offer over traditional radio broadcasting and brings to light various distinguishing features possessed by these technologies

1.6                       APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

• FM transmitters used in many different environments. Some of the more popular uses are churches, sporting events, fitness centers, homes, cars, correctional facilities and holiday light shows.

1.7                       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The project signifies a lot in the electronic communication system which telecommunication is the vital aspect which is usually demonstrated through radio communication system the frequency modulation transmitter is applied in a lot of instance frequency modulation is used in FM radio stations scattered all over the country whose advantage is paramount compared to its counterpart AM modulation frequency modulation transmitted is equally used in a miniaturized from as wireless morpheme.
This project is an alternative for people especially for workers in a company to listen or  record  a  telephone  conversation  while  informing  all  involved   parties.   There are many legitimate reasons for wanting to broadcast a FM radio that acts as a receiver. This is very important for information or entertainment lines and everybody who wants to hear the message.

1.8                                 DEFINITION OF TERMS
FM    –                  Frequency Modulation
VHF  –                  Very High Frequency (30MHz to 300MHz)
UHF  –                  Ultra High Frequency (300MHz to 3GHz)
VFO  –                  Variable Frequency Oscillator
VCO –                  Voltage Controlled Oscillator
PLL  –                  Phase Locked Loop
Oscillator –                    device that generates a frequency

1.9                            PROBLEM OF THE PROJECT
Each project usually will face several limitations that might occur while running its process of the project. There are several limitations occur along the implementation of this project:

• The electronic components with the recommended value such, as transistor is hard to get due to matching in the circuit of FM Transmitter.
• The process of mounting the component at Project Circuit Board (PCB) is hard to do since the tracks at the circuit board are very thin.
• The process of tuning to the proper frequency to broadcast at FM radio is hard to get since the problem it’s related with the components and the circuit itself.

1.10                         PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to an fm transmitter. In this chapter, the background, aim, purpose, significance, objective limitation and problem of an fm transmitter were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review of an fm transmitter. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.
Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.1                                                           CONCLUSION
An FM transmitter is a portable device, which converts a specific audio output into an FM radio signal. It can be plugged into a CD player, satellite radio system, headphone jack, or a portable media player. One common use of this type of transmitter is to play music from an MP3 player through the speakers of a car.
The majority of FM transmitters have a range of about 30 feet (about 9 meters). A good radio can increase that range to upwards of 75 feet (about 23 meters). Due to its low output, sometimes these transmitters are not suitable for use in large urban areas, as the frequencies they use may become interrupted with other radio signals. This situation can be aggravated by strong FM signals that bleed into surrounding frequencies which the transmitter uses.
The FM transmitter has many helpful applications. It has, for example, made it possible to take any type of audio from a computer, including music or online debates, and transmit it to an FM radio. The FM radio, basically serves as alternative speakers. One benefit of this is that it removes the hassle of the listener from having to stay chained to a desktop PC to listen to Internet radio.
A digital FM transmitter helps to connect an MP3 player with a car or a home stereo system through its radio receiver. It physically connects to the MP3 player and then broadcasts a short FM transmission of the songs playing on the MP3 player. Once it is plugged into the MP3 player, the transmission frequency on the FM transmitter is set to a FM station that is not used in that area. The FM receiver is then tuned to the FM transmission station and the music on the MP3 player can be heard via the car or home stereo speakers.
For those using an FM transmitter in a car, they typically work within a 50 foot (about 15 meter) range. A car traveling behind one with a transmitter can have its radio set to the same station and listen to the same transmission.
5.2                                            RECOMMENDATION
This project is designed to be used in industries, school or any public place where there is need for public addressing. And should be used and maintain by a qualified personnel.

 

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CHAPTER TWO: The complete chapter two of “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work

CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of design and construction of a “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of “design and construction of a quality fm transmitter” consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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