EVALUATION OF PROBABLE EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE WITHIN AN INVESTIGATED SITE LOCATED AT NORTHERN PART OF OTUOKE USING SEISMIC REFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY
USER'S INSTRUCTIONS: The project work you are about to view is on "evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography". Please, sit back and study the below research material carefully. This project topic"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"have complete 5(five) Chapters. The complete Project Material/writeup include: Abstract + Introduction + etc + Literature Review + methodology + etc + Conclusion + Recommendation + References/Bibliography.Our aim of providing this"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography" project research material is to reduce the stress of moving from one school library to another all in the name of searching for"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"research materials. We are not encouraging any form of plagiarism. This service is legal because, all institutions permit their students to read previous projects, books, articles or papers while developing their own works.
TITLE PAGE
BY
---
--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work,"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"visible for everyone, then the complete material on"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The uncontrolled growth of the global population led to an increase in annual earthquake-related losses from US$ 14 billion in 1985 to more than US$ 140 billion in 2014. Similarly, the average affected population rose from 60 million to over 179 million within the same period. Earthquakes constitute approximately one fifth of the annual losses due to natural disasters, with an average death toll of over 25,000 people per year according to University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (2010).
Earthquakes may cause liquefaction, landslides, fire, and tsunami which would lead to far higher level of damage and losses.
As a result of the plate tectonics revolution in the 1960's and the ensuing decades of intensive research in the earth sciences, the long term earthquake potential of most parts of the world, especially near plate boundaries, is fairly well understood. As a result, earth scientists have a partial understanding of the long-term seismic behavior of some of the more active faults (Michetti et al., 2017). However, with few exceptions, large earthquakes do not appear to occur at uniform time intervals, or to rupture exactly the same segment of a fault from one earthquake to the next. Consequently, even for sites near the best understood faults, earth scientists are not able to predict where and when the next large earthquake is going to occur, and so a probabilistic approach to seismic hazard evaluation is most compatible with our state of knowledge of seismic potential. Even greater uncertainty exists in most other regions of the earth, where the locations of potentially active faults are poorly known or unknown, and their seismic potential is poorly understood (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2010).
There is also a large degree of uncertainty in the level of the ground motion that a specified earthquake will generate at a particular site, and this uncertainty usually dominates the uncertainty in the seismic hazard estimate at the site. Developments in theoretical and computational seismology during the past two decades have provided significant insights into the causes of this variability in ground motions, and are now being used to reduce it (Michetti et al., 2017).
Conventional ground motion models predict ground motion parameters using a simplified model in which the effects of the earthquake source are represented by earthquake magnitude; the effects of wave propagation from the earthquake source to the site region are specified by a distance; and the effects of the site are specified by a site category. These ground motion models have a large degree of uncertainty because other conditions that are known to have an important influence on strong ground motions, such as near-fault rupture directivity effects and the response of sedimentary basins, are not treated as parameters of these simple models. In order to reduce the uncertainty in ground motion prediction at a given site, the parameterization of ground motion models is being augmented to include more realistic representations of source, path and site effects (Michetti et al., 2017).
For some purposes, the strong ground motions expected at a site are represented by those resulting from a single earthquake. For example, ground motion maps of future scenario earthquakes have played an important role in urban planning and mitigation activities. Also, seismic hazards for the design of critical facilities are sometimes characterized using a deterministic approach, which usually consists of a worst case scenario earthquake. Deterministic estimates of ground motions are typically made for a single controlling earthquake whose magnitude (and possibly other source parameters) and closest distance are specified. Since the ground motions from only one earthquake are considered, the uncertainty in the estimated ground motions depends on detailed aspects of the earthquake source, the wave propagation path between the source and the site, and the site response (Michetti et al., 2017).
Given the uncertainty in the timing, location and magnitude of future earthquakes, for most engineering purposes it is more meaningful to use a probabilistic approach to characterizing the ground motion that a given site will experience in the future than to use a scenario earthquake. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis takes into account the ground motions from the full range of earthquake magnitudes that can occur on each fault or source zone that can affect the site. This information is numerically integrated using probability theory to produce the annual frequency of exceedance of each different ground motion level for each ground motion parameter of interest (Tuttle et al., 2019).
The probabilistic approach to seismic hazard characterization is very compatible with current trends in earthquake engineering and the development of building codes, which have embraced the concept of performance based design. In contrast to the traditional building code approach, performance-based design requires an explicit prediction of the structure's performance at each of several ground motion levels corresponding to a set of performance objectives. The performance objectives may range from continued function of the building during relatively small, frequent ground motions; to limiting damage below the life safety threshold in severe, less frequent ground motions; to prevention of collapse for very severe, infrequent ground motions. Each performance objective is associated with an annual probability of occurrence, with increasingly undesirable performance characteristics caused by increasing levels of strong ground motion having decreasing annual probability of occurrence (Tuttle et al., 2019).
Performance based design requires a more comprehensive representation of ground motions than do most current design procedures. It requires the specification of the ground motions at multiple annual probability levels. Also, the ground motions may need to be specified not only by response spectra but also by suites of strong motion time histories for input into time-domain non-linear analyses of structures (Tuttle et al., 2019). This is because response spectrum analysis, upon which nearly all current structural design is based, uses a linear elastic model and therefore does not address the non-linear response that is the essence of building damage and failure.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The concepts and trends in seismic hazard characterization that have emerged in the past decade, and identifies trends and concepts that are anticipated during the coming decade. New methods have been developed for characterizing potential earthquake sources that use geological and geodetic data in conjunction with historical seismicity data. Scaling relationships among earthquake source parameters have been developed to provide a more detailed representation of the earthquake source for ground motion prediction.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this work is to to Evaluate the probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography. The objectives of the study are:
- To assess the probable effect of earthquake at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography.
- To study th characteristics of earthquake.
- To study the causes of earthquake.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Earthquakes are the result of sudden movement along faults within the Earth. The movement releases stored-up ‘elastic strain’ energy in the form of seismic waves, which propagate through the Earth and cause the ground surface to shake. The scope of this work covers evaluating the effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
At the end of this work answers to the following questions shall be provided:
- What are some effects of earthquakes on the natural and built environments?
- What building characteristics are significant to seismic design?
- What are the consequences of earthquakes?
SIGNIFICANCE OF TH STUDY
This study is important to both the student involves and scientists. For the student, this study will help him to have deep knowledge about earthquake and its effects. To scientists, with this study scientists are not able to predict where and when the next large earthquake is going to occur, and so a probabilistic approach to seismic hazard evaluation.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"evaluation of probable effect of earthquake within an investigated site located at northern part of otuoke using seismic refraction tomography"consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
To "DOWNLOAD" the complete material on this particular topic above click "HERE"
Do you want our Bank Accounts? please click HERE
To view other related topics click HERE
To "SUMMIT" new topic(s), develop a new topic OR you did not see your topic on our site but want to confirm the availiability of your topic click HERE
Do you want us to research your new topic? if yes, click "HERE"
Do you have any question concerning our post/services? click HERE for answers to your questions
For more information contact us through any of the following means:
Mobile No 
:+2348146561114 or +2347015391124 [Mr. Innocent]
Email address 
:engr4project@gmail.com
Watsapp No 
:+2348146561114
COUNTRIES THAT FOUND OUR SERVICES USEFUL
Australia, Botswana, Canada, Europe, Ghana, Ireland, India, Kenya, Liberia, Malaysia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Uganda, United States, United Kindom, Zambia, Zimbabwe, etc
Support: +234 8146561114 or +2347015391124
Watsapp No :+2348146561114
Email Address :engr4project@gmail.com
FOLLOW / VISIT US VIA:
