INFLUENCE OF FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT IN JOURNALISM PRACTICE IN ENUGU METROPOLIS
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TITLE PAGE
BY
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--/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---
APPROVAL PAGE
This is to certify that the research work,"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis"by ---, Reg. No. --/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.
By
--- . ---
Supervisor Head of Department.
Signature………………. Signature……………….
……………………………….
---
External Invigilator
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.
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This project on ― influence of Freedom of Information Act: A study of journalism practices in Enugu – from January to June, is aimed at finding out how Freedom of Information Act influence positively on the life of practicing journalists in Enugu. In carrying out the study the researcher used survey design method, while questionnaire was the instrument of the study. Simple tables and percentages were used in analyzing and presenting the data collected. The researcher made some recommendations to support that Freedom of Information Act encourage investigative journalism, balance reporting, openness and transparency in the decision making process which will improve citizens trust in government action. The researcher also made few numbers of suggestions for further studies which will continue to inform people about the impact this topic (Freedom of Information Act) has on our society. And from the conclusion drawn from the questionnaire tables, it is shown that Freedom of Information Act influence positively on the life of working journalists in Enugu and strengthens the constitutional guarantee of freedom to receive and influence information and ideas without any hindrance. Again, the respondents proved that Freedom of Information Act empower the professionalism and the ethics of journalism.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page............................................................................................................................ I
Certification...................................................................................................................... II
Dedication....................................................................................................................... III
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................... IV
Abstract........................................................................................................................... V
Table of Contents…......................................................................................................... 1
List of Tables…...................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study….............................................................................................. 1
- Statement of the Problem................................................................................................. 3
- Objective of the Study...................................................................................................... 4
- Research Questions........................................................................................................... 5
- Scope of the Study............................................................................................................. 5
- Significant of the Study…................................................................................................ 5
- Operational Definition of Significant Terms................................................................. 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
- Introduction....................................................................................................................... 9
- Review of Concepts…....................................................................................................... 9
- Review of Related Studies….......................................................................................... 10
- Theoretical Framework.................................................................................................. 21
- Summary…...................................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Introduction..................................................................................................................... 41
- Research Design or Research Technique...................................................................... 42
- Population of Study........................................................................................................ 43
- Sampling Technique/ Sample….................................................................................... 43
- Sample Size and Sampling Techniques…..................................................................... 44
- Instrument for Data Collection….................................................................................. 45
- Validity of Instrument.................................................................................................... 45
- Method of Data Analysis................................................................................................ 46
- Method of Data Collection…......................................................................................... 46
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION OF DATA ANALYSIS
- Introduction…................................................................................................................. 47
- Data Presentation and Analysis…................................................................................. 47
- Discussion of Findings.................................................................................................... 56
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Introduction…................................................................................................................. 58
- Summary of Findings…................................................................................................. 58
- Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 59
- Recommendation............................................................................................................. 59
- Suggestions for Further Studies…............................................................................... 60
References....................................................................................................................... 61
Appendix I:...................................................................................................................... 63
Appendix II...................................................................................................................... 64
LIST OF TABLES
Table 15: Practice of Freedom of Information Act |
56 |
Table 14: Access to government information |
55 |
Table 13: Encouragement of Freedom of Information Act |
55 |
Table 12: Opportunity to probe for information without hindrance |
54 |
Table 11: Journalists improvement on reporting |
54 |
Table 10: Advancement of professionalism and ethics of journalism |
53 |
Table 9: Journalists right to receive, impart information and ideas |
52 |
Table 8: Encouragement of investigative journalism |
52 |
Table 7: Guarantees of journalists to access public information |
51 |
Table 6: Positive impact on journalism practice |
51 |
Table 5: Occupation Distribution of Respondents |
50 |
Table 4: Educational Qualifications |
49 |
Table 3: Marital Status of the Respondents |
49 |
Table 2: Age Distribution of Respondents |
48 |
Table 1: Gender of Respondents |
47 |
Demographic tables |
47 |
- Background of the Study
Freedom of information is both a concept in journalism an issue in contemporary medical practice. This controversial concept establishes that media practitioners‘ especially journalist reserve the freedom to probe, to dig, to pry for the purpose of obtaining information, news, opinion and publish same without hindrance. It proposes that the gathering and reporting of news and opinion should operate without any limitation or constraint. In other word journalist, like every other Nigeria have the right to hold opinion, receive information and impact ideas without interference. This is a fundamental human right guaranteed every individual by the constitution including journalists.
Again freedom of information is an essential right for every person; it allows individual and groups to protect their right. It is an important guard against abuses, mismanagement and corruption. It benefits government themselves in terms of openness and transparency in the decision making process and improve citizen trust in government action.
For the important of the freedom of information, survey had shown that nearly seventy[70]countries around the world including Nigeria have not adopted comprehensive freedom of information act to facilitate access to record held by the government bodies and another fifty have pending efforts. A few countries have issued decrees or used constitutional provision. Many countries have adopted others that can provide for limited access their own records held by the government agencies and private organization, specific statutes that give right of access in certain area such as health, environment, government procurement and consumer protection.
Freedom of information could be traced to the age enlightenment and development of democracy in America.it is a product of libertarianism which derived unarguably from the libertarian theory of the libertarian approach to the ingredient of libertarian approach of media.
Freedom of Information stoutly opposes the authoritarian philosophy of the press in which absolute power and control over ownership, content and the use to which the media could be put resided with the monarch.
As pointed out in chapter five of GOKE R.[2003].mass media and the society. issues and perspectives the authoritarian system pre-supposes that; truth was conceived to be not the product of the great mass of people but a few men who were in a position to guide and direct their fellows thus, truth was thought to be centered near the center of power .The rulers of the time used the press to inform the people of what the rulers thought they should know and the policies the rulers thought they should support.
The role of the press then therefore was chiefly to support and advance the policies and thinking of the government in a society where criticism of the political machinery and officials in power through the media was forbidden.
This contradicts the beliefs of the libertarian that man is a rational being capable of choosing between truth and falsehood, deciding between bad and good, and when face with alternative choices, capable to unerringly choose the truth and the good. The press therefore, must be free to feed the people with information and allow them to judge because they are rational beings. According to Siebert pater so et ela ― the libertarian liable assume that in a democratic society, there would be multiplicity of voices available to, if not actually reaching the public.‖ Let every man who has something to say on public issues express himself regardless of whether what he has to say is true or false and the public ultimately decided.
Statement of the Problem
Before the signing of freedom of information act (FOI) by president Good luck Jonathan on the 28th may 2011,the press went through a lot of criticism in the hands of people/government especially the military government which as a result many journalist/media practitioners were imprisoned, assassinated and assaulted. However, this research work aim at studying;
- The effect of government censorship on journalists.
- Non access to public information kept by government, public institution and private bodies.
- Criticism and government suppression.
Objective of the Study
It is a well-known fact that Freedom of Information Act (FOI) was to strengthen the constitutional guarantee of freedom to receive and impact information and ideas. The law encourages investigative journalism, balance reporting, and objectivity, verification of stories, openness, transparency, fairness and accuracy in media presentation. Therefore, the researchers consider the following objective relevant.
- To find out the Impacting of Freedom of Information Act (FOI) on journalist practices in Enugu state.
- To know the extent of Freedom of Information Act Practice in Enugu state.
- To determine how Enugu state journalist encourages Freedom of Information Act.
Research Questions
The researcher‘s attend in the research work will be focused on how to answer the following questions;
1. How far have the mass media gone in encouraging freedom of information act in journalism practice in Enugu?
2. To what extent have the mass media gone in informing, and educating the people about freedom of information act in journalism practice in Enugu?
3. What rate is freedom of information act in journalism practice in Enugu?
4. Has freedom of information act in journalism practice in Enugu increased?
Scope of the Study
This study is mainly focuses on the residence of Enugu which include the all the journalist in Enugu state.
1.8 Significance of the Study
This study is aim at promoting and encouraging the new law ― Freedom of Information Act‖ in Enugu and Nigeria at large. The study will be of great benefit to the researcher, journalist and the entire Nigeria to embrace the law in order to encourage professionalism and the ethnics of journalism.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Freedom: This is the power or right to act, speak etc. as one wants without anyone stopping. It is the permission to use, act, and speak, etc. without restriction in Enugu.
Information: This is a fact told, heard or discovered about something/ somebody. It is also seen as knowledge gives/ provides/ pass on/ receive/ obtain/ collect about something/ somebody in Enugu.
Act: This is a law made by a parliament or similar body in Enugu State.
Journalism: This is the activity or product of journalists or others engage in the preparation of written, visual, or audio material intended for dissemination through public media with reference to factual, ongoing events of public concern. It is intended to inform society about itself and to make public things that would otherwise be private in Enugu State.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter focused on the summary, conclusion and recommendation.
Summary
This research work was carried out in order to reveal the influence of Freedom of Information (FOI) on working journalists in Enugu community. In carrying out the study, the researcher used the survey research method using the questionnaire as her measuring instrument, but before the administration of the questionnaire, the researcher introduced the topic, ―influence of Freedom of Information Act (FOI)‖ on journalism practices: A study of journalism practices in Enugu - from January to Jun 2013‖, stated the research objectives, the significance of the study, drafted the research questionnaires, made some assumptions and the study was limited to Enugu state.
However, it was discovered during the findings that Freedom of Information Act strengthen the constitutional guarantee of freedom to receive, impart information and ideas and also empower professionalism and ethics of journalism.
Conclusion
Based on the findings above, the study concluded that freedom of information act encourages investigative journalism, balance reporting, and objectivity, verification of news (stories). Most importantly, bestowed on the journalists/press/ media practitioner, the mandate, authority to journalists to probe, to dig, to pry for the purpose of obtaining
information, news and opinions and publish same without hindrance. It presupposes that the gathering and reporting of news and opinion should operate without any limitation or constraint. In other words the practicing journalists of Enugu ―Has the right to hold opinion receive and impart ideas and information without interference.
Recommendations
In respect of this study and from the conclusions drawn, the following recommendations could be made;
Full participation of journalists in the newly signed law (Freedom of Information Act).
Journalists should try and break loose of the censorship mentality in order to practice the Freedom of Information Act effectively.
Government support of Freedom of Information Act is what will give journalists boldness to practice the law and archive the goal/ objective of the law.
Suggestion for Further Studies
The researcher suggested the following topics for further studies.
Influence of freedom of information act on government activities.
Impact of freedom of information act on media content.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis"is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis"consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis"consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis"is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of"influence of freedom of information act in journalism practice in enugu metropolis" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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