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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.6 RESEARCH ORGANISATION
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 REVIEW OF EARLY INVERTERS
2.2 REVIEW OF INVERTER CAPACITY
2.3 SAFETY OF INVERTER
2.4 REVIEW OF EXISTINGLITERATURE
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 STEPS INVOLVED IN ESTIMATING THE LIFETIME OF INVERTERS
3.2 INVERTERTESTING
3.3 INVERTERLOSSESANDTHERMALMODELING
3.4 CLASSIFICATIONOFPOWERLOSSES
3.4.1 PowerMOSFETLosses
3.4.2 SwitchingLosses
3.4.3 ConductionLosses
3.4.5 GateDriverLosses
SwitchOutputCapacitanceLoss
GateChargeLoss
ReverseConductionLoss
InductorLosses
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 THERMALMODELING
ImplementationofThermalModel
RESULTSOFTHERMALMODEL
Reduced-OrderModelsforAnnualTemperatureEstimation
SwitchingModeloftheInverter
DevelopmentofAverageModel
DevelopmentofAveragedLossModels
RainFlowCounting
EstimationofReliabilityandUsefulLifetime
SurveyofLifetimeModelsofPowerSemiconductors
CumulativeStress
ReliabilityIndices
InfluenceofReactivePower
4.12 INVERTERSYSTEMRELIABILITYANDLIFETIME
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
5.2 REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Mostresearch, historically and present, has focused on the production costs and reliability of PVmodule technology, whereas the cost of the necessary power electronics components has beensparsely considered [Feldman et al, 2014]. As the price of PV modules decreases, the price of power electronicsbecome more important because they now constitute 8%–12% of the total lifetime PV cost [Xue et al, 2011].
As efforts to reducePV module costs yield diminishingreturns, understanding and reducing inverter costs becomes increasingly critical and is a cost-effectiveinvestmenttowardachievingDOESolarEnergyTechnologiesOfficegoals.
A key price driver of power electronics is reliability [Ristow et al, 2008]. PV modules have long lifetimes withwarranties up to 20 years [Jablonska et al, 2005]. In utility-scale fielded systems, the mean time between failure ofinverters has been shown to be 300 to 500 times shorter than modules [Maish et al, 2013]. In one 27-monthstudy, module failures accounted for only 5% of total energy losses, whereas inverter failuresaccountedfor 36% oflost energy during thesame period[Golnas et al, 2012].
Inverter reliability is a layered topic because of its complicated switching/monitoring system andmultiple materials bonded together. In addition to providing output power meeting power qualitystandards, the inverter maybe required to manage the power output of the PV module,connect/disconnect from the grid, read and report status, or monitor islanding. Meanwhile, trendsin power electronics systems and devices during the past decade have placed increasing demandson the efficiencies of the thermal management and control systems used for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)modules. The pressure to decrease the size of power electronics systems and inverter subsystemshas resulted in an overall reduction of 50% of the footprint area of many IGBTs during the past10 years.
The aim of this work is to provide a detailed description of inverter reliability as it impacts inverter lifetimetoday and possible ways to predict inverter lifetime in the future. As a part of this work, wedeveloped detailed inverter hardware and matching models that can potentially predict thelifetimeoftheinverterwhenusedfordifferentpurposesandatdifferentambienttemperatures.
1.2 AIMAND OBJETIVES OF THE STUDY
The purpose of Reliability Testing of an inverter is to test the system thoroughly to ensure that all the defects and faults in the system are identified and rectified. The objectives of this work are:
- To predict reliability, thermal cycling is considered as a prominentstressor in the inverter system.
- To evaluate the impacts of thermal cycling, a detailed linearizedmodel of the inverter is developed
- To provide a detailed description of inverter reliability as it impacts inverter lifetimetoday and possible ways to predict inverter lifetime in the future.
1.3 RESEARCH QUESTION
At the end of this work answers to the following questions shall be made known:
- What is the main purpose of reliability assessment?
- What is the purpose of testing reliability of a power electronics?
- What is reliable testing?
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work covers an operational reliability assessment approach of inverters considering a voltage/VAR control (VVC) function. The approach aims to quantify the reliability degradation and estimate the lifetime of inverters when they are utilized for the VVC function.This research also develops modelsand methods to compute the losses of the power electronics switches and other components in ainverter. The losses are then used to estimate the junction and heat sink temperatures of thepowersemiconductorsinthe inverter.
The model is verified by developing an in-house inverter. Additionally, to assess the scalabilityof the research, the hardware inverter is placed inside a thermal chamber to verify the losses fordifferent ambient temperatures. After the verification of the model, a reduced-order model of theinverter is implemented to translate the profile of the ambient temperature and solar irradianceinto the profile of the junction temperatures of the switches. The estimated junction temperaturedata are used to identify inverter reliability indices and predict the useful lifetime of the invertersystem. After developing the models to predict the useful lifetime of the system, the impact ofreactivepower on theoverall reliability ofthesystemis studied.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work showcases and describes an approach to help assess and predict thereliability of inverters. This report will also help the reader to understand why inverters fail.
1.6 RESEARCH ORGANISATION
Chapter 1 provides the detailed description of the state of knowledge on inverter reliability aswell as researched topics relevant to this work. Chapter 2 describes the technical work oninverter losses and thermal modeling. Chapters 3 and 4 enlist model development for practicaluseand presents adeepdive intoinverter lifetime modelsand their use and chapter five concludes the whole work.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSIONS
Inverter reliability is a layered topic because of its complicated switching/monitoring system, and many things can cause a failure. In addition to providing output power meeting power quality standards, the inverter might be required to manage the power output of the PV module, connect/disconnect from the grid, read and report status, or monitor islanding.
With these motivations, the research described in this report evaluated and predicted inverter life. Because finding individual component part numbers from off-the-shelf inverters is cumbersome, an inverter hardware was built in-house. Subsequently, electrothermal inverter models were built to match the in-house hardware. The electrothermal model of the inverter was developed to perform a detailed study of losses and thermal impacts on inverter life. The electrothermal model was validated with the in-house inverter’s heat sink temperatures at different ambient temperatures with the goal to make the model scalable.
An inverter averaged-switch model was built from the detailed switching model to enable annual simulations to assess the cumulative effect of ambient temperatures. The junction temperatures from the simulation were measured during the entire year and processed using rain flow counting to obtain the number of cycles under each junction temperature. The number of cycles were then used to evaluate the existing lifetime of the transistors within the inverter. The new lifetime model was compared with existing avalanche lifetime model. Finally, the influence of reactive power on the reliability of the PV inverters was studied. Results showed that transistor lifetime decreased as the operating power factor decreases. The lifetime of an inverter—which is the number of useful cycles the inverter can survive for the same mission profile—was calculated using existing approaches, and a comparison was made between the avalanche-based and MTTF-based inverter models.. Additionally, the impact of lifetime was evaluated for inverter use with and without reactive power set points for multiyear analysis, and it was found that using an inverter for reactive power support on a regular basis reduces the lifetime. An inverter’s lifetime was reduced by 7.6% when an inverter was simulated at 0.8 absorbing power factor instead of unity power factor.
CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The complete chapter two of "reliability assessment of inverters" is also available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "reliability assessment of inverters" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related work on"reliability assessment of inverters"was reviewed.
CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "reliability assessment of inverters" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of "reliability assessment of inverters" consists of the methodology. In this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.
CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "reliability assessment of inverters" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "reliability assessment of inverters" consists of all the test conducted during the work and the result gotten after the whole work
CHAPTER FIVE: The complete chapter five of "reliability assessment of inverters" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter five of "reliability assessment of inverters" consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.
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