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TITLE PAGE

THE EFFECT OF WATER CEMENT RATIO ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF PALM KERNEL SHELL CONCRETE (PKSC) AT 1:2:4 NOMINAL MIX.

BY

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EE/H2013/01430
DEPARTMENT OF ----
SCHOOL OF ---
INSTITUTE OF ---

DECEMBER,2018

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APPROVAL PAGE

This is to certify that the research work, "the effect of water cement ratio on compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete (pksc) at 1:2:4 nominal mix" by ---, Reg. No. EE/H2007/01430 submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement award of a Higher National Diploma on --- has been approved.

By
---                                                     . ---
Supervisor                                                  Head of Department.
Signature……………….                           Signature……………….        

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External Invigilator

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DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me. May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire endeavour Amen.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.
My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial support throughout my study in this institution.
My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally, my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and many others who were quite helpful.

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION: This work "the effect of water cement ratio on compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete (pksc) at 1:2:4 nominal mix" research material is a complete and well researched project material strictly for academic purposes, which has been approved by different Lecturers from different higher institutions. We made Preliminary pages, Abstract and Chapter one of "the effect of water cement ratio on compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete (pksc) at 1:2:4 nominal mix" visible for everyone, then the complete material on "the effect of water cement ratio on compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete (pksc) at 1:2:4 nominal mix" is to be ordered for. Happy viewing!!!

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In order to substitute lightweight concrete for conventional aggregate in developing countries, the need to source for alternative and affordable building materials that can be afforded by ordinary people in developing countries and the need to utilize industrial waste in a more safer way, as attracted the attention of engineers and the public to study the possibility of utilizing palm kernel shell as one of the construction materials. These studies investigate the effect of water/cement ratio on compressive strength of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC) at 1:2:4 nominal mix. PKSC cubes used were casted in 150X150X150mm moulds. A set of laboratory tests was conducted on palm kernel shell (PKS) and (PKSC) produced by different water/ cement ratios of 0.3, 0.4,0.5,0.6 and 0.7. All samples were cured in water and tested for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days curing age. After the curing of the cubes of PKSC, the results of the study showed that PKSC has an average compressive strength raging from 6.51, 5.54, 3.99, 3.44 and 3.31 N/mm2 at 28 days for 0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6 and 0.7 w/c ratio respectively. These results show that PKS can bee use as replacements for conventional coarse aggregate in concrete works and PKSC can be use as a lightweight concrete in pavement works.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Content                                                                           Page No
Title page                                                                          i
Declaration                                                                        ii
Certification                                                                        iii
Dedication                                                                         iv
Acknowledgement                                                              v-vi
Abstract                                                                             vii
Table of contents                                                                        viii
List of Table                                                                       xi
List of Figure                                                                      xii
Notations                                                                           xiii

CHAPTER ONE        
1.0    Introduction                                                               1
1.1    Statement of the Problem                                            6
1.2    Aim and Objectives of the research                               7
1.3    Justification                                                                7
1.4    Scope of the study                                                      8
1.5    Methodology                                                              8
1.5.1 Collection of material                                                   8
1.5.2 Preparation of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS)                          9
1.5.3 Laboratory test                                                           9

CHAPTER TWO
2.0    Literature Review                                                        10
2.1    Water/Cement Ratio                                                    12
2.2    The importance of water/ cement ratio                          13
2.3    Descriptions of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS)                         16
2.4    Physical Properties of Palm Kernel Shell (PKS)                        17
2.5    Mechanical properties of palm kernel
shell concrete (PKSC)                                                  19
2.6    Properties of structural lightweight aggregates                       21

CHAPTER THREE
3.0    Methodology                                                              23
3.1    Data collection and analysis                                         24
3.1.2 Collection of material                                                   24
3.1.3 Preparation of Palm Kernel shell (PKS)                          24
3.2    Laboratory Test                                                          25                                                    
3.2.1 Sieve analysis                                                            25
3.2.2 Specific gravity                                                           26
3.2.3 WaterAbsorption Capacity                                            26    
3.2.4 Aggregate impact value                                               27
3.2.5 Concrete slump                                                          27
3.2.6 Compressive strength                                                 28
3.2.7 Determining the weight of the concrete composite          29

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0    Discussion of Results                                                  32
4.1    Properties of palm kernel shell (PKS)                             32
4.2    Properties of palm kernel shell concrete (PKSC)              36  
  
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0    Conclusion and Recommendation                                 41
5.1    Conclusion                                                                         41
5.2    Recommendation                                                                41
Reference                                                                  43
Appendix                                                                   46

LIST OF TABLE
TABLE              DESCRIPTION                                         PAGE
4.1                    Sieve analysis of PKS                                  33
4.2                    Specific Gravity of PKS                                        34
4.3                    Water absorption capacities of PKS                       35
4.4                    Aggregate impact value                               35
4.5                    Test for mix ratio (1:2:4)                             37
4.6                    Compressive strength of PKS concrete (N/mm2) 38
4.7                    density against water/ cement ratio              40            

LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE            DESCRIPTION                                         PAGE
1.1                    Palm Tree                                                  6
2.1                    Sizes of Palm kernel shell                             17
3.1                    A Mechanical Shaker used for sieve analysis  25
4.1                    Sieve Analysis of PKS                                  34
4.2                    Slump of PKSC against Water/Cement ratio    37
4.3                    Average Compressive Strength of PKSC (N/mm2) 39
4.4                    Density Against Age (Days)                          40

NOTATIONS
N/mm2              Newton per millimeter Square
m                     meter
m/s                   meter per second
kg                     Kilogram
mm                   Millimeter
cm                    centimeter
g                      gram
N                      Newton
x                       weight of water
Gpks                   Specific Gravity of Palm Kernel Shell
Gc                     Specific Gravity of Cement
Gs                     Specific Gravity of Sand
A                      Weight of Oven Dried Sample
B                      Weight of Fraction
Ww                              weight of cylinder + water
WB                    Weight of sample
WA                    Weight of Sample + Cylinder + Water
WS                    Weight of Saturated Surface Dry Sample
%                     Percentage
w/c                   Water/Cement Ratio
PKS                   Palm Kernel Shell       

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